The Wryneck by Gerard Gorman;

Author:Gerard Gorman;
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Ingram Publisher Services UK

Autumn timing

The first Wrynecks leave Europe in summer, sometimes as early as July (Winkler et al. 2020). Autumn passage at Lake Ladoga, north-west Russia, is from late July to early October with the peak in August (Iovchenko and Kovalev 2016). In Hungary, numbers peak in the second half of August into September, the last birds moving through in early November (Török 2009). Passage through Helgoland and Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany, is between mid-August and early October (Busche 2004). In Italy, post-breeding movements begin in late July, with peak numbers from mid-August into September (Brichetti and Fracasso 2020). The majority of Wrynecks from breeding populations elsewhere in Europe are trapped in Italian ringing camps in August and early September, with numbers falling in October and the latest birds passing through in November (Spina and Volponi 2008). In southern Italy birds from further north arrive from late September until late November (Scebba and Lövei 1985). The first appear in Malta in late August with most ringed in September (though only around 50 annually). In the eastern Mediterranean, Wrynecks pass through Cyprus from August to November with a peak in mid-September (Richardson and Porter 2020). In Britain, though numbers are now small, autumn passage begins in early August, peaks in late September, and typically ends in October with some stragglers in November (Wernham et al. 2002).

Further east, Wrynecks move through Central Anatolia, Turkey, from late September into October (van den Berk 1990). In Armenia, the last are usually seen in late September (Adamian and Klem 1999) with a peak in the Caucasus in mid-August (Winkler et al. 2020). In Lebanon they are reported from mid-August to early November (Ramadan-Jaradi et al. 2020), and in Israel most are ringed at Eilat in early September (Yosef and Zduniak 2011). In Iran birds move through from late August to October, the latest recorded date being 30 October (Tohidifar 2008). Further south in Arabia, they pass through the United Arab Emirates in September and October (Richardson 1990), and the first arrive in Oman in late August with the peak in September (Eriksen and Porter 2018). Most move through Eritrea and Ethiopia in October (Ash and Atkins 2009). Those that winter south of the Sahara pass through North Africa from mid-September to early November (Short 1988a) – most are seen in Mauritania from early September (Isenmann et al. 2010). At Lake Chad in northern Nigeria, they are mostly recorded from September to November (Gustafsson et al. 2021). But the first birds can arrive in their wintering quarters from late August (Winkler et al. 2020). In the Far East, most Wrynecks pass through the Korean Peninsula and leave the north of Japan in September (Chikara 2019).

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